CO₂ per mile · a straight comparison

Electric or gas — which one actually
emits less, where you live?

Enter a ZIP code. This looks up the actual power‑plant mix that ZIP's electric grid runs on (EPA eGRID) and compares it to a gasoline car, in pounds of CO₂ per mile driven. No averages standing in for your grid — your grid.

DATA: EPA eGRID2023 · runs entirely in your browser

1 Your inputs

Default 4.0 mi/kWh is a reasonable all-EV average. Pick a model for its EPA-rated figure.
Default 25 mpg is close to the average US vehicle on the road.
Default is the U.S. average annual miles driven per vehicle — 10,917 mi (FHWA Highway Statistics 2022, Table VM‑1).
Auto-filled from your ZIP's state average (EIA/AAA) once matched above — edit either one if you know your actual rate.
Real DAC-plus-permanent-storage contracts run roughly $400–$1,000+/ton today (2025–26); $600 is used as a mid-range default. This is not a carbon-offset/credit price — offsets are cheaper because most don't durably remove CO₂.

2 Result

Electric vehicle
lb CO₂ / mile
Gas car
lb CO₂ / mile
EV
Gas
Enter a ZIP code to see the comparison.

3 What it actually costs

Annual fuel cost
EV
Gas
Enter your inputs above to see fuel costs.
Annual cost to truly remove that CO₂ (Direct Air Capture + storage)
EV
Gas
Enter your inputs above to see removal costs.
"True cost to sequester" here means paying to actually pull that year's CO₂ back out of the air and store it permanently underground — not buying a cheap forestry or renewable-energy offset, most of which don't durably remove carbon already emitted. It's a way to put a real price tag on the emissions each option leaves behind, not something either car's owner actually pays today.
Methodology & sources — how this is calculated

Electric vehicle

lb CO₂/mile = (grid CO₂ rate in lb/MWh ÷ 1000) ÷ (miles per kWh), optionally grossed up for transmission & distribution losses (delivered rate = generation rate ÷ (1 − loss%)).

The grid CO₂ rate comes from the EPA eGRID2023 subregion your ZIP code sits in — a "output emission rate" measured in pounds of CO₂ per megawatt-hour of electricity actually generated on that grid, based on the real mix of coal, gas, nuclear, hydro, wind, solar, etc. feeding it. ZIP-to-subregion matching uses EPA's own Power Profiler ZIP crosswalk. A small number of ZIP codes are served by more than one utility/subregion; in those cases the predominant utility for that ZIP is used.

Gas car

lb CO₂/mile = 19.59 ÷ mpg, using the EPA/DOE figure of 19.59 lb CO₂ emitted per gallon of gasoline burned (8,887 g CO₂/gallon).

Annual total

lb CO₂/year = lb CO₂/mile × annual miles. The default of 10,917 miles/year is the U.S. average vehicle miles traveled per vehicle (FHWA Highway Statistics 2022, Table VM‑1) — the same figure EPA uses in its own GHG Equivalencies Calculator to annualize per-mile vehicle emissions. It's an average, not a true median (a clean nationally-published median isn't available), so treat it as a reasonable typical value and swap in your own mileage for a more personal number. Annual totals are also shown in short tons (2,000 lb) alongside pounds, since the pound figures get large fast.

Annual fuel cost

EV: (annual miles ÷ mi/kWh) × $/kWh and Gas: (annual miles ÷ mpg) × $/gallon. The rate fields auto-fill from your matched ZIP's state — residential electricity price (EIA data via NEADA, August 2025) and regular-grade gasoline price (AAA state average, July 2026) — but both are editable if you know your actual utility rate or local pump price. These are averages for an entire state, so an actual bill or local price can differ.

Cost to truly remove the CO₂ (Direct Air Capture)

annual tons CO₂ × $/ton DAC cost. This estimates what it would cost to pay someone to pull that year's tailpipe/generation CO₂ back out of the atmosphere and store it permanently (geologically), rather than a cheaper carbon offset that may not durably remove anything. Public 2025–2026 estimates for commercial DAC-plus-storage contracts range roughly $400–$1,000+/ton CO₂ (older, small-scale plants have run as high as $1,000–$1,300/ton; industry targets of $100–$200/ton are aspirational, not current reality) — the default of $600/ton sits in the middle of that range, and the field is editable so you can test the sensitivity. Nobody is actually paying this bill today; it's a way to put a real number on what "carbon neutral" driving would cost if taken literally.

What this does not include

  • Upstream emissions from coal mining, gas extraction/pipelines, or oil drilling/refining for either fuel — this compares combustion/generation only, the same boundary EPA uses for its own eGRID-based carbon-footprint tools.
  • Vehicle manufacturing emissions (battery production for EVs vs. engine/drivetrain for gas cars) — this is a per-mile driving comparison, not a full lifecycle/manufacturing comparison.
  • Real-world driving variation: cold weather, hills, AC/heat use, and driving style can shift real efficiency ±15–25% from EPA-rated combined figures for either vehicle type.
  • Vehicle purchase price, financing, maintenance, insurance, or public charging/fast-charging premiums — "annual fuel cost" here is home/pump fuel only.

Sources

  • U.S. EPA, eGRID2023 (released Sept. 2025, revised June 2025) — subregion CO₂ output emission rates & generation resource mix.
  • U.S. EPA, Power Profiler ZIP-to-eGRID-subregion crosswalk.
  • U.S. EPA/DOE, gasoline combustion CO₂ factor (8,887 g/gallon).
  • FHWA, Highway Statistics 2022, Table VM‑1 — average annual vehicle miles traveled per vehicle.
  • fueleconomy.gov (EPA/DOE) — vehicle efficiency figures in the dropdown lists, approximate by trim/year.
  • U.S. EIA residential electricity prices by state, via NEADA Energy Price Update, Nov. 2025 (August 2025 data).
  • AAA State Gas Price Averages, regular grade, as of July 2026.
  • Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; World Economic Forum; and published DAC contract pricing (Climeworks/1PointFive) — direct air capture + storage cost ranges, 2025–2026.

This page runs entirely client-side — your ZIP code is never sent anywhere.

EV lb/mi
Gas lb/mi